CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television) is a **video surveillance system** used for **monitoring, security, and crime prevention**. Unlike broadcast television, CCTV systems operate in a **closed-loop**, meaning that footage is only accessible to authorized users. These systems are commonly found in **homes, businesses, public spaces, and industrial facilities**.

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- Deters criminal activity by providing visible surveillance.

- Provides **real-time monitoring** and evidence collection.

- Allows users to access live footage via **mobile apps or web interfaces**.

- Integration with **cloud storage** enables remote playback.

- Enhances security in **commercial and industrial** environments.

- Monitors **employee activity, inventory, and restricted areas**.

- Used in **traffic management** to monitor roads and enforce regulations.

- Deployed in **public spaces** to ensure safety and incident response.

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- Uses **coaxial cables (RG59)** to transmit video signals.

- Requires a **Digital Video Recorder (DVR)** for recording and playback.

- Limited resolution and may require **signal boosters** for long distances.

- Transmits video over **Ethernet (RJ45) or Wi-Fi**.

- Uses a **Network Video Recorder (NVR)** for storage.

- Supports **higher resolutions (1080p, 4K, 8K)** and remote access.

- Connects to a network via **Wi-Fi** instead of cables.

- Easier to install but requires a **strong network signal**.

- Commonly used in **homes and small businesses**.

- Transmits **high-definition video** over coaxial cables.

- Provides an **upgrade path** for existing analogue installations.

- Offers **1080p, 4MP, and 4K resolutions** without needing full IP infrastructure.

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CCTV cameras capture video footage and vary in **type and functionality**.

| **Camera Type** | **Description** | **Common Uses** |

|--------------|----------------|---------------|

| **Dome Camera** | Compact, vandal-resistant design | Indoor retail, offices |

| **Bullet Camera** | Long-range, weatherproof | Outdoor surveillance |

| **PTZ Camera** | Remote-controlled Pan-Tilt-Zoom | Large areas, public spaces |

| **Fisheye Camera** | 360-degree field of view | Warehouses, open spaces |

| **Thermal Camera** | Detects heat signatures | Perimeter security, night vision |

CCTV footage is stored on **dedicated recording devices**:

| **Device** | **Function** |

|------------|-----------------|

| **DVR (Digital Video Recorder)** | Records analogue camera footage |

| **NVR (Network Video Recorder)** | Stores IP camera recordings |

| **HVR (Hybrid Video Recorder)** | Combines an NVR and DVR |

| **Cloud Storage** | Saves footage online for remote access |

- **Hard Drives (HDDs)** → Used in **DVRs/NVRs** for local storage.

- **Network Attached Storage (NAS)** → Enables central data access.

- **Cloud-based storage** → Provides **off-site security and remote access**.

CCTV systems require **proper wiring** for stable operation:

| **Component** | **Purpose** |

|------------|------------|

| **Coaxial Cable (RG59, RG6)** | Used in CCTV connections |

| **Ethernet Cable (Cat5e, Cat6)** | Transmits video in IP cameras |

| **Power Supply (12V DC, PoE)** | Provides power to cameras |

| **PoE Switch (Power over Ethernet)** | Powers IP cameras via Ethernet |

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- **Standard (720p, 1080p HD)** → Common for general surveillance.

- **High-Resolution (4MP, 4K Ultra HD)** → Provides sharper images.

- **8K Cameras** → Used in **critical infrastructure and high-security** applications.

- **IR LEDs** → Enables cameras to see in complete darkness.

- **Color Night Vision** → Uses advanced sensors to enhance nighttime clarity.

- Detects movement and **triggers alerts**.

- AI-enabled cameras can recognize **faces, license plates, and suspicious behavior**.

- **IP66/IP67-rated cameras** withstand rain, dust, and extreme conditions.

- **IK10-rated cameras** are resistant to impact and tampering.

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- **Entrances & Exits** → Monitor who enters and leaves.

- **High-Risk Areas** → Cover cash registers, safes, and storage rooms.

- **Blind Spots** → Eliminate areas where criminals can hide.

- Use **PoE (Power over Ethernet)** for simple and efficient IP camera setups.

- Secure cabling to prevent tampering and **signal interference**.

- Check for **dirty lenses, damaged cables, and faulty power supplies**.

- Regularly update **firmware** to prevent security vulnerabilities.

- Adhere to **GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)** for CCTV data handling.

- Display **CCTV signage** in public places to inform people of surveillance.

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CCTV systems play a crucial role in **fire safety and security**, providing real-time video monitoring for:

- **Intrusion Detection** → Alerts security teams to unauthorized access.

- **Fire Safety Monitoring** → Detects **smoke, flames, and emergency situations**.

- **Remote Surveillance** → Enables real-time viewing from **mobile apps & cloud storage**.

- **Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)** → Enhances vehicle security and access control.

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CCTV systems are an **essential tool for security and monitoring**, offering **24/7 surveillance, crime deterrence, and remote access**. By choosing the right **camera types, recording devices, and installation techniques**, businesses and homeowners can ensure **effective and reliable protection** of their property and assets.